Critical Analysis of Thomas Hardy’s Novel Tess of the D’urbervilles Essay

Thomas Hardy is on of the brightest representatives of English realism at the end of 19th and the beginning of 20th century. At that time, a new stage in the development of the English literature began, characterized with the conflict between the supporters of realism and the new modernist artistic directions. He learned from his predecessors to raise important and interesting problems, to tell interesting stories , to portray interesting characters and to describe the environment. Hardy is defined as classic of English literature as well as regional novelist, master of personalities and circumstances, the first real artist of Nature and human nature. The general features of his novels are pessimism, tragedy and fatalism . These characteristics also define Hardy as the first creator of tragic novels in the English literature . The roots of this worldview go back in to his homeland full with remains of ancient times and also in his inability to understand the social changes occurring in England. The disappointment of the village atheist from the big city, regarded by him as the source and symbol of evil, disintegration of the patriarchal peasant family, which he idealizes as a symbol of strong morality and real moral virtues becomes central theme in his novels . That is fully represented in Tess of the d’Ubervilles. The novel belongs to the group of novels called for character and circumstances. It can be defined as social, because it is placed in a specific social context, but it can also be defined as moral and psychological. It is like a monograph of a personality but it is also a monograph of a period as well. A tragic story stands in the center of the novel and that is the story of the main female character Tess Durbeyfield and her life filled with plenty of unusual and exciting meetings, adventures and misadventures. The novel is divided in several parts , called phases . They are named : The Maiden , Maiden No More , The Rally , The Consequence , The woman pays , The convert , The Fulfilment . With the titles of each phase the author directs to the main plot points and sets basic suggestions about what is happening. The novel covers four years of the life of Tess. Several images are shown- the homeland of Tess, her house, the f arms, the church and the opposition village-city. It is no coincidence that Hardy is called master of personalities and circumstances. In the novel he uses a dramatic form , which means disclosure of the relationship between group of characters (Alec, Tess, Angel) and epic form : story disclosure of a person (Tess). This is dictated by his desire to better express the problem of human destiny and also to express his strongest side – the ability to trace the universal connection between human and the surrounding environment. Hardy introduces unknown and ordinary people out of touch with the turbulent stage of life in the big city and he endows them with strong passion and spiritual nobility. They face the perpetual problems of life and death , the power of human passions and the human happiness. With the transform of the limited provincial scene and its small people into a great drama with universal significance his artistic power is really shown. The story develops in a dramatic order- the events follow each other in a specific rhythm which leads to the denouement. The stories are told in a simple and clear manner because the characters involved are fully developed . Tomas Hardy succeeds to present his characters in a comprehensive manner and he achieves that with the ability to observe each gesture and with sensitivity to all that is unique to an individual. The main character of the novel is Tess Durbeyfield. She is a beautiful, pure and kind , very attached to her family, responsible and hardworking. Right from the beginning Hardy specifies the type of the character and implies that there is something different about her and her fate is predetermined. With that the character becomes predictable in a sense for the reader and it is expected that she will succumb to sin. One of the events in the first part- the death of the horse which Tess feels guilty about becomes a catalyst for the change in her life. Under the influence of her parents and sense of responsibility, she agrees to leave her home and accept the challenges and responsibilities o f the independent life in the estate of Alec d’Urberville. This moment in the novel acts as a inception of the action because it puts an imprint on the further life of the heroine. Placed in an unequal and humiliating relationship – worker-master, she is assaulted by Alec who not only violates her honour but also her feelings. Tess tries to be strong , returns to home and gives birth to the illegally born child and reconciles with the reprehensible attitude of the community. But after the child dies she makes a choice and tries to seek her happiness. On the new working place the fate turns her good side towards the girl and Tess meets her first and big love- Angel Clare. This love restores the true nature of Tess. She becomes more sensitive and gives away warmth and kindness to everyone around her. The two lovers have a chance to restore their honour, dignity and the joy of life but it is radically conflicting with the requirements of the age, full with prejudice. For Angel and his mother, Tess is not pure and virtuous. Abandoned and rejected by her loved one, Tess again seeks salvation in her home and family to be rejected again. The disappointment of Angel , the loneliness and misery makes her go to the first man in her life- Alec. Tess does not fit entirely in the image of a victim because she makes her choice alone this time but on the other hand she is a victim because she is pressed by the circumstances. Her decisions are accompanied with doubts and concerns. Her clash with different manifestations of love and different understanding of moral values and dignity cause deep and painful self-analysis. The assessment of her own life is ruthless and she does not find mercy for herself. For Tess is enough knowing that she is going to die loved by Angel and get her retribution to Alec by killing him. The death of Tess is required by the genre and it is not unexpected. With the blessing of the marriage of her sister with Angel, the young woman rises above the prejudices of the society. Do you accept the heroine’s qualification as a â€Å"pure woman†? Why (not)? In the first and the second part of the novel the answer is yes because the ruin of Tess happens by force and due to her innocence and trustfulness rather than depravity. But on the second encounter with Alec, Tess makes an unforgivable compromise which defiles her purity. If there is something pure in Tess that is her love and soul.

Energy from Peanut and Pea

Energy from Peanut and Pea Shawn lam 28/10/2011 Hypothesis I think that the peanut will release more Energy, as it is has more oil which will generate more energy. While the pea does not have as much oil as the peanut, so the pea will make less energy. Variables Independent variable: Pea, Peanut Dependent variable: Temperature Controlled variable: Beaker volume, Bunsen burner Equipment Beaker, water, Bunsen burner, pea, peanut, thermometer, toothpick (holding food), heat tile, grabber Procedure 1. First get equipment 2. Setup equipment 3.Put water in beaker, then grab with a grabber 4. Burn peanut/ pea with toothpick 5. Put the food under beaker 6. Record Temperature Result Table 1: Looking at the first table, the amount of water added to the beaker was 20ml. There were 4 trials for each food, except for the pea. Type of Food| Heat ( °C)| | Trial| Average| | 1| 2| 3| 4| | Peanut| 20| 35| 50| 59| 41| Pea| 8. 5| 5| 31|   | 14. 83333| Discussion This Experiment wasn’t really successful, as there weren’t 4 trials for the pea. Also some Peanuts/Pea were much bigger than other, next time I will try to choose the sizes more carefully next time.The peanut had a large range of temperature, this tells us either the thermometer is broken or the test was not conducted well. Maybe, the Pea could be changed with another food, as it frequently run out of energy in the middle of a test. Which caused the problem of recording its temprature. Next time maybe there should be better lighter, so that there wouldn’t be a problem with burning the food. There could be less people disturbing experiment, so that more results could be recorded. For example, when people talk, the sound wave blows out the fire. All of this results that the informaion, wasn’t really accurate. ConclusionAs you could see the peanuts average Temperature was higher then the pea, as the pea has less oil then the peanut. The amount of oil on the Peanut is far greater, as resulting m ore energy released from the peanut. While on the other hand, the Pea has less oil which was shown as there was less energy. This shows that the Peanut have at least 3 times more energy then the Pea. Further study Does more oil cause more energy released? â€Å"YES† it does. More oil will help to relese more energy, this is shown as today, many cars rely on oil to run. Bibliography http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Peanut#Peanut_oil http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Pea

Steve Jobs' Personality & Attitudes Drove His Success Case Study

Steve Jobs' Personality & Attitudes Drove His Success - Case Study Example In order to take a company to the next level, one ought to have creativity in order to keep the company running. In his imagination and creativity, Jobs was visionary that one day his products and services will change the world. Steve Jobs is characterized as being charismatic in his way of leadership. According to Scholars research, describes as how a leader relates with his followers. Being a charismatic person is one who is led by aspirations and communication skills that the leader possesses. In his discussion, Scholars illustrated that for one to be a successful leader; charismatic should be one of the key qualities that one should see. Basing this on Steve Jobs way of leadership, he managed to give numerous speeches thus attracting attention of its audience and still to date is still famous for what he made a number of years that has passed. As a leader, Steve was able to catch attention of his audiences and furthermore his employees with is ability of being able to evangelize. From this point of view, it is clear that he was charismatic in the way he presented himself to his audience as Scholars puts. To add on his way of speech, Steve was able to use metaphors while presenting his speech. In addition, he would bring out his speech is form of storytelling getting the attention of its audience.... It is clear that because of his understanding of technology and his aspirations that made him sail though the challenges that may have come his way. Personal leadership Jobs’ charismatic character appeared as personalized. This according to researchers means that he served his interests and restrained himself from the use of power as a leader. Steve Jobs not only employs storytelling as a way of motivating his followers as a leader but also use force where necessary. According to the case, others refer to Jobs as a man who is dishonest and manipulate his audience (Jose 78). In one of the instances, he stated that his Jobs not to play easy on people but he is to ensure that the make them better. In his demands, he stated that his duty is to bring together things from different parts of his organization and ensure all paths are clear thus fetching enough resources for his main projects. From this point of view, Jobs expects people to follow him and commit themselves to him with total obedience to him since his main objective is Apple. The main aim that individuals want to ascend to power is mainly for social and personalized power motives. Jobs was out of this context. The reason being that he was not in quest for power is that he was not interested in money, status, and luxury. Many people have end up losing direction by following what other people are doing, this was the exact opposite of Jobs’ case. Personality traits Trustworthiness of Jobs was quite low as seen when he talked the secrets he felt in while facing the challenges outside his organization. This reflected how he was able to control the flow of information within the organization. It

H306 Mens Health Interview Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

H306 Mens Health Interview - Essay Example Unlike in the past when I would run my garage efficiently, I currently had to leave some of my responsibilities to my juniors a feature that has drastically reduced my earnings. Patient: Prior to the discovery of the condition, I had a health cover with a local insurance company in the city. However, the insurance catered only for the time I remained admitted in hospital. Once I was discharged, I had to pay for my subsequent visits to the hospital besides the fact that I have to buy the drugs that I use in managing the condition. The costs of drugs and regular visits to the hospitals have been unbearable for my family. As I had said, I had to relinquish some of the duties I would engage in in the past at my garage. This reduced my earnings owing to the fact that the garage is a small business. Additionally, the fact that I had to keep company at all times further complicated my lifestyle since I have to engage one of my sons. The news of my condition scared the stability of my family. On the day I collapsed, it took long for the people around me to settle on the most appropriate cause of action. I therefore nearly died at the scene. When my family eventually came to see me at the hospital, my condition broke their hearts. However, they have stayed supportive always understanding my situation and sparing money whenever possible. They have reduced their demand thereby making it easier for me to cope with my condition. Despite their support and understanding attitude, I still notice the pain n their eyes and the strain they undergo having to readjust their budgets in order to sustain me. Interviewer: Sorry for the pain sir, your condition is a result of lifestyle complications. What was your lifestyle prior to the diseases and how has this changed once you realized you have the disease? Patient: My doctors told me so too and I have in deed restructured my life in order to lengthen my life and manage the condition. I loved sugary foodstuff

Analysis of Hong Hong Property Market and Suggested Policies Thesis

Analysis of Hong Hong Property Market and Suggested Policies - Thesis Example (Rovnick 2012). This research essay will look into Hong Kong’s property market in general , its history , its earlier booms and bursts , HK government’s role in planning the housing policy , the reasons for skyrocketing prices of housing in HK , how to overcome the future housing burst and suggested reforms to be introduced in the HKs housing policies with a detailed analysis of HKs housing market scenario and will suggest suitable policy reforms in the sector. Due to its hilly topography, the development of housing in Hong Kong has always been viewed as challenging. Hong Kong, in the early years, remained as a trading port and hence, housing developments in Hong Kong were concentrated on both sides of Victoria Harbour. In the early days, there was an upsurge in demand for housing due to the continuous influx of immigrants thereby giving rise to the surfacing of tenement building, into which many households were stuffed. After the Japanese invasion of China in 1937, there was an influx of 750,000 refugees immediately following the four years of that invasion in Hong Kong, which deteriorated the scenario of housing in the region. Due to availability of limited housing and just for a bed space, those who were residing in the crowded tenement building had to pay abnormal rents. Those who could not afford to pay high rents had to take shelter in crude and simple squatter huts constructed upon hillsides or on rooftops. Due to the civil war in China between 1947 and 1949, more than 1, 00, 000 people sought for refugee status in HK and the population of HK was reported to be around 2 million at that time. Due to this, all the present accommodations were fully occupied, and yet more peoples crowded into the spacious quarter provinces on the hills. It was projected that 300,000 people resided in squatter huts across the Kowloon peninsula and the hills of Hong Kong Island during 1950s. On

The Responsibility to Protect (R2P) principle is ill suited for the Essay

The Responsibility to Protect (R2P) principle is ill suited for the international legal system and must be abolished - Essay Example The R2P principle required the states to have the first priority in the protection of its citizens but failure to the concerned state to meet to the needs of its citizens, the international community will have the obligation to intervene. The international community would not wait and watch as it had the responsibility to preserve international peace, but not to enforce the laws of the concerned countries.2 However, the mandate of the principle has been exploited through interpretation of its tenets and through the application by humanitarian countries who intrude on the sovereignty of affected states leading to abuse. As such, it is imperative to note that the R2P principle is ill suited for the international legal system and must be abolished. The R2P principle gives consent to the international community to undertake humanitarian intervention with the aim of maintaining peace. However, narrowing down the concept of intervention implies that the international community can get involved in the internal affairs of a country without the consent of the affected country. That is clearly a violation of state sovereignty, which is in most times accompanied by military force.3 Furthermore, such form of intervention results in violations of fundamental human rights. When military forces from outside the boundaries of the country are involved in peace keeping mission without an obligation to enforce the law, the state of lawlessness is likely to result in a huge number of casualties and fatalities in case of combat.4 The UN Charter 2(4) holds ‘protection of human rights’ as its core purpose but then goes ahead to claim that any state can use force â€Å"in any other manner inconsistent with the Purposes of the United Nations†.5 This shows a problem in the interpretation of the mandate of R2P principle given the application of â€Å"force for good† theory. This interpretation is against territorial

Shell company's efforts, actions and initiatives regarding Assignment

Shell company's efforts, actions and initiatives regarding sustainability - Assignment Example They have divided their whole work strategy into two directions, Up-stream and down-stream. In the Upstream strategy they are actually looking forward to discover newer oilfields and at the same time also working on the existing methods to increase efficiency and productivity. In the downstream strategy they invest the earnings to earn financial gains. They focus on providing the supply to the demands of the energy of the world and that to in an environmentally friendly way and at the same time focus on sustainable development. ROYAL Dutch Shell plc commonly known as â€Å"SHELL† is a multinational BRITISH-DUTCH oil and gas company. Its headquarter is situated in THE HAGUE, NETHERLANDS and a registered office in LONDON, UK. SHELL is amongst one of the leading company in the field of oil and gas industry; indulge itself not only in the production and refineries of petroleum products but also paved its way in the major energy products like â€Å"bio fuel, hydrogen and power gen eration†. SHELL is keen in fulfilling and guaranteeing energy needs of people in ways that are highly economical, environmental and social responsible. Owing to the future challenges and threats regarding our energy demands, environment and its safety such as â€Å"increasing population and rising urbanization† will hit our energy sources hardly and will eventually bring us to the verge of shortage of energy sources, according to an estimation that our world’s population will reach to 9 billion by 2050 which means that many people will fall in the hands of energy poverty. Also it was estimated by INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY that $38 trillion will be required for infrastructure to meet energy demands by 2035, beside these GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE is a great threat. As a result SHELL has molded its approach in accordance with these challenges in order to neutralize energy needs and energy sources, framed its policies and strategies under thorough case examinations of challenges in a very effective and righteous manner, reach to the conclusion in which they prioritized â€Å"SUSTAINABILITY† above all. Thus the energy sources that SHELL provides must be able to face these global challenges and threats which will lead towards building a â€Å"SUSTAINABLE ENERGY FUTURE†. In the words of PETER VOSER, CEO, SHELL: â€Å"with tough economic conditions prevailing, and momentous social change taking place in some countries, the world must not lose sight of longer-term challenges.† SHELL considers the two most dominating factors in putting a fight against these challenges. 1st is the GREEN HOUSE REGULATION.2nd is the development of sustainable urban cities i-e, smarter cities. These two factors effects the growing energy need to the extent of much reduction in energy demands as these smarter cities will set independency in the transport, energy systems etc. As a matter of fact that SUSTAINABILITY development is a basic need of todayâ⠂¬â„¢s era. All of sustainable developments and standards are framed by â€Å"HEALTHY, SAFETY, SECURITY, ENVIRONMENT and SOCIAL PERFORMANCE (HSSP & SP). It governs all the related issues. It sets basic priorities, rules, regulations and all concerns bodies ought to abide by them. The CEO chairs the (HSSP & SP) and accesses management of sustainability development. These policies and performances are thoroughly inspected with respect to the SHELL general business principles and (HSSP

Cramond Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cramond Report - Essay Example The numbers on the west side the causeways were not too much lower than the numbers on the east side of the causeway. However, the numbers on the west side of the causeway were noticeably lower than the numbers on the Eastside the caused way the researchers expected to find the numbers to be almost identical as they were on Wednesday and Friday for the Eastside the causeway. On the west side the causeway for Wednesday the mean was 20.0, and on Friday the mean for the west side of the causeway was 25.2. This is something that the researchers did not expect finds. The number of animals in the causeway increased slightly between Wednesday and Friday. The possible reason for the unexpected finding on the west side the causeway between Wednesday and Friday is that the salinity on the west side of the causeway was in incubation on Wednesday, and by Friday the salinity had hatched leaving more salinity in the causeway for the researchers to count. The difference the researchers found in hav ing slight variations in the numbers between the west side of the causeway and the Eastside the causeway could be, because the temperatures are warmer on the east side of the causeway, then they are on the west side the causeway.

Clean Edge Essay Example for Free

Clean Edge Essay Non-disposable razors recorded average growth of about 5% in retail sales during the period 2007 to 2010 whereas refill cartridge and disposable razors recorded growth of approximately 2% and 3% respectively for the same period. Innovations and new product introductions are the prime factors for the growth. Non-disposable razors and refill cartridge market is broadly classified into three segments namely value, moderate and super premium based on price and quality. Paramounts consumer research identified distinct segmentation in terms of product benefits and consumer behavior. % of non- disposable razor users are segmented as Involved Razor users, social/emotional shavers; 28% as Involved Razor users, aesthetic shavers and 33% as Uninvolved Razor users, maintenance shavers. Studies from 2009 showed that the retail sales of non- disposable razors and refill cartridge came from 25% volume of super-premium, 43% of moderate and 32% of value segments. In the last decade, the industry has experienced significant growth in the super premium segment. Product innovation and new technology is leading this sector for a number of new entrants. In 2008-09 the rate of new product innovation leads to 22 new SKUs to be introduced. SWOT Analysis Strengths Paramount Health and Beauty Companys biggest strength is that it is a well- established brand with deep pockets and a very good association with consumers. The product- Clean Edge Razor, that they nave released, is also technologically in the current market. Weaknesses best The company does not have a slice in the 37. 2% of the pie that corresponds to the super premium segment which has immense potential. Also there is a risk of launching the product in the wrong segment or positioning it wrongly. A wrong move could result in cannibalization of Paramount Pro, another product in their portfolio. Opportunities There is very good growth in the super premium segment especially in mens grooming. The market is also highly profitable so vendors are ready to stock the products. Also, the maintenance users are a market not ventured by any company till date. Hence the opportunities are immense. Threats A good number of competitors are trying to become the leader in this segment which is expected to grow in the future. The competitors could also catch up with the latest echnology and release a technologically more advanced product. Availability of alternatives like disposable and electric razors make a high threat of substitutes. Because of large number of products available and constant innovation in the sector it is very easy for the consumers to switch the companies. Hence, consumers have a high bargaining power. Entry barriers are low in the industry since no major R;D costs are involved and there are no major regulations. The bargaining power of the suppliers is low. Hence, overall the premium segment of nondisposable razors is an attractive industry to enter into. Positioning Strategy: The first strategy that we suggest is Niche Positioning, targeting the premium segment: As of now, the products released by Paramount in the non-disposable razer segment, Paramount Pro and Paramount Avail are positioned in the moderate segment and as a value -offering respectively. After three years of development, Paramount Health and Beauty Company has come up with a new technologically advanced vibrating razor called Clean Edge. Keeping in mind the superior technology used and the fact that Paramount has not launched a product targeting the premium egment, Paramount could adopt Niche Positioning while launching Clean Edge. However, there are certain disadvantages and advantages: Advantages: Positioning Paramounts Clean Edge as a niche will accentuate the companys product portfolio significantly. From the exhibits it is visible that it will result in high and consistent profit margins for the company and the risk involved will be less. Apart from that, the financial requirement of launching the product in the premium segment is only 15 million dollars as against 42 million dollars for the mainstream targeting. Disadvantages: As the trends suggests, understanding the fact that the premium segment has not been targeted significantly, almost all of Paramounts competitors have launched products for this segment. Also, for the past 5 years, the companys current products Pro and Avail have not introduced any new innovations as a result of which its customers are moving on to other competitors. The product pro is in the mature face and might need phasing out eventually. The second strategy that can be followed is Mainstream Positioning. The advantages and disadvantages of the same are as follows: Consumers are becoming more and more sophisticated day by day and expect more advanced technology. Paramounts bread and butter product, Pro was in the mature phase of the product lifecycle so there is a possibility of decline. Positioning Clean Edge as mainstream product will help prevent loyal Paramount customers from being wooed away to more innovative brands. Main stream razor unit volumes are expected to capture over three times the volumes of the niche market in the first year. Clean Edge has the potential for true market domination and would quickly gain ass appeal. Disadvantages: Paramount already had product in mainstream positioning -Paramount Pro so launching it as mainstream positioning will dilute the brand power and will lead to cannibalization. More marketing support will be needed to reach the target masses. The company would require an extensive advertising campaign, considerable consumer promotions would be needed and thus the expenses associated with them will be huge. To reach full sales potential with this positioning, $42 million marketing budget would be needed for year one. Total sales of Paramount for Avail and Pro for first year (2009) and second year (2010) are calculated using the market size (retail sales) and corresponding market share, both real (2009)and estimated (2010), of Paramount. The cost of Cannibalization is calculated using total sales and percentage of cannibalization given. Analyzing the result, it is evident that launching the product is a profitable venture; however, the cost of cannibalization may change equations. The cost of cannibalization is lower for the niche market as compared to mainstream market. Although, cannibalization djustments give us losses for the first year in the case of both mainstream and niche, the profit obtained in the second year for mainstream is larger than niche market. Branding Strategy The branding should be done in such a way that it emphasizes Clean Edge Razor as a unique and breakthrough product with the usage of latest technology. However, given the tight advertising budget, it should use the well-established name of Paramount rather than build a brand based on the Clean Edge. This should help potential buyers connect with the product quickly and test it. This should ensure maximum sales. Recommendations Conclusion The recommendation is to introduce the Clean Edge into the marketplace as a niche product since data shows that consumers in the premium segment are willing to switch between the companies. Using advertising and promotion of the new product we can gain market share from competitors. Exhibit 8directly suppo rts this recommendation and snows that even though unit sales are less than main stream sales, the operating profit and the operating profits as % of sales is higher. In both year one and year two, this niche arket is profitable and growing. It is here that Paramount should focus its efforts on product introduction and positioning for the Clean Edge Razor. Once it has launched itself in the niche segment, Randall should then launch it, maybe after 2 to 3 years, in the mainstream category. As the data shows, both niche and mainstream strategy will help Paramount to raise its market share in super- premium non disposable razor segment. But the niche strategy will enables Clean Edge Razor to contribute profit and at the same time, limit the effect of cannibalizing Paramounts existing products.

Spamalot Response Essay Example for Free

Spamalot Response Essay A play about a King on a quest for a magic grail, by the sound of that it seems like this is just some ordinary play, but no this is Spamalot. Spamalot is a comedy where everything is humorous and light hearted. There are many things I love about this play including the set and costumes, these two elements really made the play better to me. However, one improvement that could have been made was the lighting in the play. As the curtains of the theater opened up I saw a big castle with huge wooden doors and a balcony. In this first scene I was blown away by the size of this set piece and was truly amazed by the detail. One of my favorite things about this set piece is how the characters were using it for more than just a castle, for instance when the front was turned into a cave. I thought it was very clever how the curtains dropped down from the balcony to create the cave. An interesting fact about the set is how it wasn’t just a flat backdrop to have in the background, it was three-dimensional, like the fact that there were windows that actually opened and closed as well as a real balcony that the actors went up on. My favorite scene was one where the Frenchmen were up on the balcony mocking King Arthur and the rest of the Knights of the round table, this was one of the funniest moments of the play. Another thing about this set that really amazed me was the realization of how much time it took to build this, but it made the difference and was completely worth it. The one and only thing that I did not like about this play was the lighting. Throughout the play I wanted different lighting effects to surprise me but most of the time I felt like it was just a general wash and nothing else. I think if there was a variety of different types of lights the play would have been more interesting. Although there was one lighting effect that I loved, when the light bulbs starting flashing along the perimeter of the stage I was surprised and mesmerized by this effect, it really improved the performance. Otherwise I felt the selection of lights was boring and dull. One scene where I think they could have used this variety of lights was when King Arthur came across the Knights of Ni. In this scene they were lost in the woods, I think a good effect would be to darken the lights slightly and maybe change the color of the light so it would feel more like they were in a forest. The costumes were my second favorite thing about this play. My favorite costumes throughout the play were the Knights of Ni. I think it was a mix of them changing thepitch of their voice’s and the costumes that made me really enjoy their part. I loved how their cloaks fell down to the floor and covered their entire body, then they had the leaves on their shoulders which showed they lived in a forest with many plants and vegetation. Another costume I really liked was Herbert’s father, the long purple cape he wore reminded me of old cartoons. He looked exactly how I would picture him in my head. Although I liked these costumes the best, I thought all the costumes were amazing. This play has many great aspects including the costumes and set that amazed the audience. Although this play was very good I did feel there could have been an improvement in the variety of lights used during the performance. To sum up the entire play it was funny every second of the way and was a show to go see.

Impact of Conglomeration on Cultural Industries

Impact of Conglomeration on Cultural Industries Cultural industries are a major source of generating information and knowledge in societies. The concentration in ownership over them, in the recent years by private corporate houses has brought in changes, in the way they operate and function in society. In this article, we see why cultural industries are important, what the functions carried out by them are and how they are affected by the conglomerate style ownership which is prevalent in society today. WHAT ARE CULTURAL INDUSTRIES? Cultural industry as a concept had first been put forward by German critical theorists of the Frankfurt School, Theodor Adorno and Max Horkheimer. While in exile from Nazi Germany in the 1940s, they wrote the Dialectic of Enlightenment through which they popularized the concept. In it, they wrote about the life in capitalist United States and felt it was rather meaningless and shallow. According to them, culture had become commodified in the capitalist societies, which was why they coined the term Culture Industry. (pg24) The complexities which have arisen in society over time have metamorphosed the singular field spoken about by the two proponents and led to the creation of ‘cultural industries’. The different ways in which society is influenced has led to the creation of different types of cultural production. (pg24) The continuous changes in the culture, economy and society make it important to understand cultural industries in the present day context. Cultural industry, in simple terms, refers to the activities which are interrelated with symbolic goods, i.e. those goods whose economic value is determined by their cultural value. This definition of cultural industries is relatively fluid as they respond to the changing dynamics of societies. Cultural industries comprise of ‘classical’ cultural industries like broadcast media, architecture, music, films, etc. and traditional arts such as theatre, visual arts, literature, galleries, etc. (1) In the present day the term cultural industries is often used synonymously with media industries. ROLE OF CULTURAL INDUSTRIES IN SOCIETY Cultural industries have certain distinct functions to play in the present day modern societies. Firstly, cultural industries affect our views and knowledge about the world by creating and circulating different products. The media have a major contribution in this regard, not only through newspapers and broadcast news programmes but also through entertainment like films, television series and music. They help frame our views on what is right or wrong, determine how people live together in society, how far democratic functions are carried out and justice and rights upheld. These texts are disseminated by powerful corporations whose major motivation is to earn profits. Often theorists debate over whether cultural industries operate to carry out the interests of these elites in the society. Through cultural industries they try to accustom the common man towards a particular way of thinking which would eventually help serve their interests. (Pg 4) Secondly, the cultural industries tend to promote a particular type of work in society. Cultural production in societies takes place according to the type of audience. The texts produced in the system may sometimes be mediocre and not enriching for the people because the motivation is not to promote the creativity in society. Rather it is to preserve the power of the business elites and promote consumerism. The contemporary sufferings and inequality of the capitalist societies are said to be the fallout of these cultural industries. The heads of corporations generally decide the freedom given to the workers or artists and thus control the potential of the workers. (pg6) Thirdly, cultural industries are an important source for determining the source of wealth and employment in the societies. Scholars say that it is the brand name of the businesses which are of actual value and have motivated further spread of knowledge in societies. In recent years other sources developed, such as the internet. The massive boom in communication technologies provided an opportunity for the growth of credit based economic growth. Thus, cultural industries act as instruments of economic and social change. (Pg8) INTERESTS OF THE CORPORATIONS It is important to understand what the interests of the executive and owning class actually are to understand how and why corporations function as they do in contemporary capitalist societies. The prime interests of companies are to maximize their profits and revenues. Although some companies provide better conditions to their workers and offer many benefits but the target of the companies is to maximise their profits by minimising the costs. The owning class of companies try to collaborate with companies like their own. Despite the competition between the two, they try to unite in lobbying and campaigning against certain government legislations which are in support of the working class. For their business to prosper, the corporate owners require stable economic and political conditions. They might be against certain reforms which the government wants to introduce which might be beneficial to the consumers and workers. Thus they try to influence the government by donations in the ele ction campaigns and show their support to certain political candidates which will help create an atmosphere in the system which is needed for their business to boom and enlarge. (pg76-77) OWNERSHIP OF CORPORATIONS Around the 1960s, in the United States, conglomeration became one of the basic features of ownership of corporation. Diverse business and industrial houses that originally had interests limited in oil and financial services only, had now started investing more into the media industries. These industries primarily had private ownership. In the late 1980s a new form of cooperation emerged whereby there was cross –promotion and cross-selling between the different corporations so that there would an increase in the overall sales. With the developments in technologies new sources of cultural production emerged making the ownership more complex. In many of these industries such as radio, television and films, there was the emergence of oligopolistic ownership emerging which was leading to the creation of huge conglomerates. (pg195) In the USA, for instance, large corporations such as the RCA (Radio Corporation of America) became one of the leading companies overtaking the various me dia forms like publishing and newspaper companies and Hollywood studies emerged as an oligopoly which was integrated vertically. This vertical integration led to the development of certain new technologies such as recording and playback. There was also cross media ownership which made the system very complex. Film studios like MGM (Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer) also held considerable interest in music industry. In the 1980s media houses began to invest more into consumer electronics companies. (pg72) For instance, Sony bought over CBS Records and Columbia Pictures Entertainment whereby it could use rock music and cinema which were popular in the US to promote the sale of CD and thereby increase their cultural productivity. (pg198) With the emergence of IT giants in the new millennium, telecommunications industries ventured into the broadcasting market. But it must be noted that these companies did not have significant cultural production. Their focus was more on gathering data on consumers which would help them to increase their sales. One of the most important ventures into cultural industries by the IT companies was that of Google who purchased YouTube in 2006. Google had recognized the relationship of circulation and distribution with that of culture and communication. The basic idea was that the greater the number of consumers who visit YouTube and the more number of pages they view, the greater will be the promotion of certain ads by YouTube. This led to the major clash over copyright between Goggle and other cultural industries. (pg 198) IMPACT OF CONGLOMERATE STYLE OWNERSHIP There was an increasing emergence of small companies which took part in the cultural production though it was at a much smaller scale. These small industries brought to the fore concerns regarding the domination of big business houses over cultural production. It was argued that ownership in the big business and corporate houses belong in the hands of a few. As it was explained earlier, the different shareholders especially in the media industry have started acting as moguls. They have control and ties with other powerful institutions and people who help spread and propagate their particular interests in society.(pg 73) Some scholars dispute that there has emerged a ‘managerial revolution’ in the nineteenth century which has led to delegation into the hands of the managers who have different interests from that of the owners. Thus, interests of the corporations become varied as different classes involved become more diverse. Critics say that the managerial class also bel ongs to the wealthy higher stratum of society and so they may share interests with the owning class. (pg 75) There can be many harmful effects on the democratic practices in the nation if there is concentration of corporate ownership over the media and cultural industries. The media is one of the main sources of information for the people today. It is responsible for enlightening the people and providing them with vital information. But if there is increased corporate interest in media coverage, then there can be a major impact on what the media covers and does not cover. The media can no longer provide unbiased information and always has to bear in mind that the information that they generate does not in any way offend the owners. Thus, the media and other cultural industries become bound and shackled by the chains of the interests of the executive and corporate heads. The common man in turn is denied access to accurate and unbiased information. If he could us it he could make informed decisions. This has a direct fallout on the democratic political system in the society. (3) Another significant issue is that the knowledge that is generated and the culture that is produced become uniform and standardized. The information that is generated is that which can help retain the power and position of the corporate giants and tycoons. This compromises the ability of the common man to develop his or her ability to the fullest potential because what is popular in society is controlled and decided by a few who belong to the elite class. The inequalities in society are legitimised by the cultural industries like media which help retain the power and wealth domination of the corporate heads. Thus we see that the control exercised by the giant corporate houses is not direct, but through their ownership and control over the media and other cultural industries. (4) There have often been debates whether cultural industries under the influence of private ownership have concentrated more on commerce rather than creativity. With increase in corporate interests in cultural industries and media whose primary motive is earning large profit and returns, many scholars feel that there has been a compromise in the quality of news generated. Journalism must maintain high quality but with new budget cut downs to reduce costs there has been a decline in the resources available to the journalists. Also, there has been a shift of concentration from important political and economic events to gossip on the lives of celebrities and the entertainment world as this proves to be more lucrative for them. Thus, there is concentration on public taste and what the public want to see, which some scholars point out is rather good than concentration on what the elites want people to see. Ben Bagdikian in his work The Media Monopoly listed the number of media companies in different industries like newspapers, magazines, motion pictures and television in the US market. In 1983, he found that there were 50 major corporations but their number continuously dwindled over the years and ultimately became only 5 in 2004. This clearly manifested the scope of influence that these corporation have in influencing the cultural industries. (pg205) Many critics point out corporations may become victims of the environment they exist in. For this reason many of them have adopted the policy of ‘de-convergence’ in recent years, whereby they concentrate on their primary business areas and have sold off their other business operations. But conglomeration continues to exist as one of the main features of cultural industry. CONCLUSION After careful scrutiny of the important role of cultural industries and the impact of conglomerate type of ownership on them, one observes that the latter limits the autonomy of the cultural industries in various manners. It is imperative that initiatives be taken to liberalize them from the corporate interests which bind them. It must be noted, that this form of ownership can have positive impacts as well. For instance, the corporate houses can control and keep a check on the government and limit them from acting arbitrarily or biased decisions. They also help promote healthy competition in the society. But after weighing the positive and negative impacts of conglomerate ownership over cultural industries one can conclude that there is need to take positive action in form of diversification of ownership. REFERENCES The Definition of ‘Cultural Industries’  http://www.pedrobendassolli.com/pesquisa/icc1.pdf Reference provided The Cultural Industries By David Hesmondhalgh Media Conglomerates, Mergers, Concentration of Ownership,  http://www.globalissues.org/article/159/media-conglomerates-mergers-concentration-of-ownership Media Ownership – Does It Matter?  http://lirne.net/resources/netknowledge/meier.pdf The Media Industry: Structure, Strategy and Debates  http://www.sagepub.com/mcquail6/Online%20readings/9b%20Croteau%20%20Hoynes%20-Devereux-Ch-02.pdf

How Multiple Incidents Develop the Plot Line in The Great Gatsby :: essays research papers fc

F. Scott Fitzgerald brilliantly wrote many novels as well as short stories. One of his best known works is The Great Gatsby. In the novel, the main character Jay Gatsby tries to obtain his lifetime dreams: wealth and Daisy Buchanan. Throughout the story, he works at achieving his goals while overcoming many obstacles. Fitzgerald’s plot line relies heavily on accidents, carelessness, and misconceptions, which ultimately reveal the basic themes in the story. During the book, Fitzgerald is able to create a superior storyline by tying all the events in the story, directly or indirectly, together. Ernest Lockridge notes in his criticisms about the book: Yet in a triumph of art, Fitzgerald makes even accidents seem unaccidental, he incorporates ‘real’ disorder within fictional order. He accomplishes this by repetition (in the ‘real’ world, repetition does not exist): the accident involving Tom and the chambermaid, the reference to both Nick and Jordan baker as ‘bad drivers,’ the wreck just outside Gatsby’s driveway after his party in which, as in Tom’s accident, a wheel is ripped off, the hit-and-run death of Myrtle Wilson, and finally the accidental conjunction of events which leads to Gatsby’s murder and Wilson’s suicide. Lockridge, 7 Fitzgerald is capable of picking an event and referring back to it while still staying on topic. One of these events is accidents. Almost every character is related to an accident that occurs to another character: You see, when we [Gatsby and Daisy] left New York she was very nervous and she thought it would steady her to drive—and this woman [Myrtle Wilson] rushed out at us just as we were passing a car coming the other way. It all happened in a minute,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  but it seemed to me that she wanted to speak to us, thought we were somebody she knew. Well, first Daisy turned away from the woman toward the other car, and then she lost her nerve and turned back. The second my hand reached the wheel I felt shock—it must have killed her instantly. Gatsby; 151 As one of the main accidents in the story, Fitzgerald connects the death of Myrtle Wilson to Daisy. The connection is completely accidental, because Daisy does not know that Myrtle is her husband’s mistress. In this incident, Fitzgerald is able to create irony between the two characters to make one think that it was actually not an accident, when in reality it was.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  During the course of the story, it is relevant that some of the characters in the book use careless actions.

Dangerous Encounter :: essays research papers

It was a dreadful afternoon, big droplets of rain fell directly on my face and clothes. I tasted the droplets that mixed with my tears, the tears I cried after the incident. The pain in my foot was excruciating. It caused me to make a big decision of whether I should visit you or not. I decided I would. I limped towards my bright, blue car where my bony, body collapsed onto the seat. I started the engine up but at the same time being cautious of my bleeding foot. I then drove to the destination where I was bound to meet you. I was bound to meet you after three years of counselling from my last appearance with you. I guess all I can remember is the scarring.... I remember.... When.... When my friend introduced me to you. My friends were so obsessed and entangled by the wonders you did for them. If I can recall they said you took them to new places and down new paths. They talked about how you healed their sorrows and pain. I could not resist the temptation. Never once did I talk to my parents about my encounters which were influenced by you. What a fool I was. You severely disheartened my life, turned me evil. All my ambitions that inspired me were lost. You and your sharp eyes stabbed me right in the arm. It also stabbed the people I loved right in the arm too. Although, it was so amazing how dependent on you I was during my youth. These memories still sting like a violent slap across the face. Now, facing you today is such a hard task to overcome.... I pulled into the driveway and staggered into the loud, large and mysterious place. I was surprised at how many people were there. It could have been about twenty or so. I would not know because I am not highly educated. My education actually collapsed after being involved with you. I put all my attention and focus towards you. I can’t count the amount of times I missed class or skipped school. Whilst thinking of this, a young girl came strolling over. She had dark, long hair, brown eyes and a slim figure nearly identical to my own appearance. She wore a white garment matched with pure, silk shoes. Her glamour attracted people from all directions. She looked about twenty five years old.

Comparing the Presantation of Conflict in the Charge

Compare the presentation of conflict in ‘The Charge of the Light Brigade’ by Alfred Tennyson and ‘Anthem for Doomed Youth’ by Wilfred Owen. Alfred Lord Tennyson and Wilfred Owen are both poets who write about the conflict of war and its victims. ‘The Charge of the light brigade’ written by Lord Alfred Tennyson, it is based on a disastrous and real event that unfolded in the frimean war. The poem was written as a memorial for the numerous soldiers that died in the war. However the ‘Anthem for doomed youth’ is a sonnet written by Wilfred Owen.He writes about his feelings for the young men that he fought with on the front line in the Somme. Firstly, in both poems we are presented with imagery revealing the reality of the wartime battlefield this is called aural imagery. In ‘The Charge of the Light Brigade’ the words â€Å"into the valley of death† are used, this is a metaphor suggesting that the Light Brigade charge d themselves to their death, this shows the fierceness of battle and how people many people will died.The words â€Å"charge for the guns† proposes of the certain death that the soldiers will meet and how suicidal this charge is, it also suggests the madness of the war. Tennyson says â€Å"cannon to right of them, cannon to the left of them, cannon in front of them† this shows the confusion through the soldiers and the fierce fighting that is happening in this war. Whereas, in Owens poem ‘Anthem for Doomed Youth’ the more graphic and hurried side of war is shown.Owen uses the words â€Å"for these who die as cattle† suggests the soldiers are abandoned in their own death and there is no way out, it could also suggest that they are sent to be slaughtered just like ‘cattle’ this proposes the tragedy and casualties of war. The words â€Å"monstrous anger of the guns† implies that the soldiers are scared of the guns and by likening th e guns to monsters; this is showing the soldiers are young as it is typically children who are scared of monsters.Owen also uses the words â€Å"hasty orisons† this shows how the dead are not cared for and given an inappropriate burial, and it also shows the speed and rushed tone of war. It could also suggest the people who are praying are not only praying for the dead but also praying for their own lives. Tennyson presents the realism of war as a desperate place where heroes are born, he does not show the reality of war, which might be due to the fact he has not experienced it himself. In contrast Owen presents the reality of war well as he shows the gruesomeness and bitter sadness of war using aural imagery.In Stanza two of ‘charge of the light brigade’ Tennyson writes ‘O the wild charge they made! ’ this shows the recklessness of the charge as Tennyson states the word ‘wild’ and also the pointlessness of the charge, Tennyson uses the word ‘made’ this shows it was in the past and we remember the past like we remember the dead soldiers. Owen uses the phrase ‘No mockeries now for them, no prayers nor bells’ this illustrates how critical Owen is of religious ritual. The phrase ‘passing bells’ could also suggest that the soldiers never got a proper burial.In Tennyson’s poem he exclaims ‘honour the charge they made, Honour the light brigade’ this indicates that Tennyson is ordering us to remember them for what they did for their country as they are already dead but on the other hand, in Owens sonnet he says ‘And each slow dusk a drawing down of the blinds’ this points out that every night as the sun goes down the soldiers family waiting patiently for them to come back, ‘slow dusk going down’ could represent their patience and hope lowering. Thirdly, in both poems there is use of aural imagery or onomatopoeia.We see this in Owenâ€℠¢s sonnet as he writes ‘rifles rapid rattles’ this is also a metaphor; he says this to create an atmosphere and give us a feel of what it’s like on the battlefield, later in the sonnet he also states ‘the shrill, demented choirs of wailing shells’ this makes the atmosphere horrifying as we assume that screams are caused by pain or fear but in this case they have already got pain before the bullet has even got to them, this is because they have been traumatised by the intensity of battle.In Tennyson’s poem he uses the phrase ‘Volley’d and thunder’d’ this is used to show how the bullets where sent back and forth with some cannons in between representing the thunder I could also represent the one smaller army being bullets and the more powerful army being the loud prevailing army, ‘thunder’d is a use of apocalyptic imagery which is a way to describe the disaster of war as we associate thunder with danger an d authority.As well as the above Tennyson also uses the phrase ‘storm’d at with shot and shell’ this shows the confusion of war and the low visibility it relates back to the above quote as thunder comes in storms which could mean that the cannon shots come in packs, the word â€Å"shot† and â€Å"shell† are a violent, noisy, destructive force that that could be thought about in a storm. In both poems both poets use rhetorical questions in their poems, Tennyson says ‘Was there a man dismayed? this gives us an insight into the heads of these soldiers, trying to imagine how it must feel to charge into death head on. Tennyson asks if any of the soldiers were ‘dismayed’ which means to lose your courage or to be overcome by terror. The soldiers were going through hell on the battlefield and it would be a pretty normal reaction for the circumstances that they were in. On the other hand in Owens sonnet his asks about remembrance as he sta tes ‘What candles may be held to speed them all? this could mean a more general question like ‘what rituals can people possible perform to help these soldiers pass on peacefully? ’ these could be Rituals like lighting candles in church. This means we could than say that ‘these candles’ is a metaphor for the larger ceremonies we hold when to honouring those killed in action. As well as Owens question about remembrance and honouring Tennyson last question is also, as he proposes the question ‘When can their glory fade? he is trying to say ‘when wont they be known as legends’ as they have fought for their country when they were outnumbered one to a hundred but they did not oblige, they risked certain death for all for one cause. In conclusion, both poets have written their poems to convey the tragedy of war and to emphasise the importance of remembrance. I feel also wrote their poems to honour those who risked their lives and most had their lives taken for their country and queen. This makes the audience reflect on war as the poets have created a mental picture of the horrific scenes of war.

Innovation and creativity in industry

InventionInvention is a new manner of making something or â€Å" new material that is made utile † . It may mention to increase or to hold radical alterations in thought, merchandises, procedures, or organisations. Many people to the scholarly literature on invention typically distinguish invention as thoughts applied successfully in pattern. Something new must be well different to be advanced, non an undistinguished alteration, e.g. , in the humanistic disciplines, economic sciences, concern and authorities policy. In economics the alteration must increase value, client value, or manufacturer value. The end of invention is positive alteration, to do person or something better. Innovation taking to increased productiveness is the cardinal beginning of increasing wealth in an economic system.Invention in administration contextIn the organisational context, invention is defined as public presentation and growing through betterments in efficiency, productiveness, quality, competi tory placement, market portion, etc. All organisations can introduce, including for illustration infirmaries, universities, and local authoritiess. Relevance of invention to industry:The debut of a new good — that is one with which consumers are non yet familiar — or of a new quality of a good.The debut of a new method of production, which need by no agencies be founded upon a find scientifically new, and can besides be in a new manner of managing a trade good commercially.The gap of a new market, that is a market into which the peculiar subdivision of industry of the state in inquiry has non antecedently entered, whether or non this market has existed before.The conquering of a new beginning of supply of natural stuffs or half-manufactured goods, once more irrespective of whether this beginning already exists or whether it has first to be created.The transporting out of the new organisation of any industry, like the creative activity of a monopoly place or the interrupting up of a monopoly place.Value of Innovation in Industry Goals of invention in IndustryImproved qualityExtension of the merchandise scopeReduced labor costsCreation of new marketsReduced stuffsImproved production proceduresReplacement of products/servicesReduced environmental harmConformity to ordinancesReduced energy ingestionFailure of invention in industryPoor LeadershipPoor CommunicationPoor EmpowermentPoor OrganizationPoor Knowledge ManagementMeasures of invention in industry There are two different types of steps for invention:The organisational degreeThe political degree.The organisational Degree:Organizational degree means to persons, team-level appraisals, private companies from the smallest to the largest. Measure of invention for every organisations can be conducted by studies, workshops, advisers or internal supervising, look intoing. There is no established general manner to mensurate organisational invention. Measuring invention have traditionally been by looking at outgo, for illustration, investing in R & A ; D ( Research and Development ) . 2 ) The political degree: A common industry position is that comparative cost-effectiveness research ( CER ) is a signifier of monetary value control which, by cut downing returns to industry, limits R & A ; D outgo, finally reduces our cost and leads to innovation in diminishing cost. By it the orgazation gets ready for future invention and compromises new merchandises entree to markets.Induced innovation- ground for motive:Induced invention was foremost proposed by Dr. J. R. Hicks in his work. He proposed that â€Å" a alteration in the comparative monetary values of the factors of production is itself a goad to innovation, and to innovation of a peculiar kind—directed to conserving the usage of a factor which has become comparatively expensive. † This works as motive in the sense that if rewards are increased decidedly the employees will work hard and more motive will be at that place. Costss ( whether direct or indirect ) has ever been a motive for a more rapid betterment in energy efficiency of goods than would usually happen.Invention system in OrganizationsThe construct of the invention system stresses that the flow of engineering and information among people, endeavors and establishments is cardinal to an advanced procedure. Every administration should hold a good and effectual direction information system in order to be extremely advanced. It creates interaction between the employees who are needed in order to turn an thought into a procedure, merchandise or service on the market and therefore gain money.Open inventionOpen invention is that houses can and should utilize external thoughts every bit good as internal thoughts, and internal and external waies to market, as the houses look to progress their engineering by Bazaar theoretical account. The barriers between a house and its environment have become less now a yearss, so inventions can now be easy transf erred inward and outward.So, this is all about invention in industry.CreativityCreativity is a mental and societal procedure affecting the find of new thoughts or constructs, or new associations of the originative head between bing thoughts or constructs. Creativity is pumped by the procedure of either witting or unconscious penetration. An alternate construct of creativity is that it is merely the act of doing something new or showing something old in a new mode.Difference between creativeness and inventionIt is frequently seen as job that people are non cognizant of exact significances of these two. So it is better to understand them in their right context.Creativity is typically used to mention to the act of bring forthing new thoughts, attacks or actions, while invention is the procedure of both bring forthing and using such originative thoughts in some specific context.In the context of an organisation, the term invention is frequently used to state the full procedure by which an organisation generates originative, new thoughts and converts them into existent life merchandises or services that are utile and feasible in concern patterns, while the term creativeness is reserved to use specifically to the coevals of new thoughts by persons or by groups, as a necessary measure within the invention procedure.Creativity and its affect on workThree forms by and large exist between that affect creativeness at work:Positive ( or negative ) temper, or alteration in temper, predictably precedes creativeness ;Creativity predictably precedes temperWhether affect and creativeness occur at the same time.It was found that these non merely affect procedure of creativeness, but originative results are besides affected by it every bit good. The experience of creativeness is itself a work event, and like other events in the organisational context, it could arouse emotion. Qualitative research and anecdotal histories of originative accomplishment in the humanistic disciplines and scientific disciplines suggest that originative penetration is frequently followed by feelings of elation. For illustration, Albert Einstein called his 1907 general theory of relativity â€Å"the happiest idea of my life.† Empirical grounds on this affair is still really probationary.Measuring creativeness1 ) Creativity quotientSeveral efforts have been made to develop a creativeness quotient of an single similar to the Intelligence quotient ( IQ ) , nevertheless these have been of great value. [ Most steps of creativeness are dependent on the personal judgement of the tester, so a standardised step it is hard to develop.2 ) Social-personality attackSome research workers have taken a social-personality attack for mensurating creativeness. In these surveies, personality traits such as independency of judgement, assurance, attractive force to complexness, aesthetic orientation and risk-taking are used as steps of the creativeness of persons Other research workers have rela ted creativeness to the trait, openness to see.3 ) Creativity ProfilesCreativity comes in different signifiers. There is sort to bring forth growing, invention, velocity, etc. There are four â€Å"Creativity Profiles† that can assist accomplish such ends.Incubate ( Long-term Development )Imagine ( Breakthrough Ideas )Improve ( Incremental Adjustments )Invest ( Short-run GoalsCreativity in diverse civilizations Now a yearss it is really hard to pull off in diversed work civilization. So, creativeness is needed at most of the degrees now a yearss in order to work out this job.Creativity in organisationsExpertise ( proficient, procedural & A ; rational cognition ) , Creative thought accomplishments ( how flexibly and imaginatively people approach jobs ) , and Motivation ( particularly intrinsic motive ) .Economic positions of creativenessIn the early twentieth century, Joseph Schumpeter introduced the economic theory of originative devastation, to depict the manner in which old ways of making things have been replaced by the new. Creativity is besides seen by economic experts as an of import component in the recombination of different elements to bring forth new engineerings and merchandises and services and, therefore leads to economic growing. Creativity leads to capital ( touchable or intangible assets ) , and originative merchandises are protected by rational belongings Torahs. The originative category is seen to be an of import driver of modern states. 3 T ‘s of economic development that are related with organisation ‘s creativeness: Technology, Talent and Tolerance † besides have high concentrations of originative professionals and tend to hold a higher degree of economic development.Creative job work outing in industry:Creative job resolution is the mental procedure of work outing a job. It is a particular signifier of job resolution in which the solution is independently created instead than solved by looking at old consequences of same job. Creative job work outing system ever involves creativeness. However, creativeness frequently does non affect originative job resolution, particularly in Fieldss such as music, poesy, and art. Creativity requires newness, updated cognition, as a feature of what is created, but creativeness does non needfully hold value ( that it will be good for society ) or is appreciated by other people. So, this is all about creativeness and Innovation in Industry.Consequence and Interpretation:From this study I have learned the value of invention and creativeness from industry position that how it affects every concern whether large or little. By analyzing this & A ; recognizing its value in client satisfaction I will seek to implement it in my concern besides.Decision:Creativity & A ; invention are of great value in every industry today. They are the impulsive forces of every concern now yearss and besides acts as competitory advantage. Bing the concern disposal pupils we should understand their value and seek to be originative and advanced.

Racism against black people Essay

Slavery in the United States began after English colonists first settled Virginia and lasted until the Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution in 1865. The American colonies were established with the idea of freedom and liberty to all but has change into racism. Now, racism against African Americans in America has been a huge problem in the south. Slavery in the United States began soon after English colonists first settled Virginia and lasted until the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution in 1865. The 19th century saw a hardening of institutionalized racism and legal discrimination against citizens of African descent in the United States. Although technically able to vote, poll taxes, acts of terror (often perpetuated by groups like the KKK) and discriminatory laws kept African Americans disenfranchised, particularly in the South. During this time, segregation, racial discrimination and expressions of white supremacy all increased, as did anti-black violence such as lynching and race riots. Racism, which had been viewed primarily as a problem in the Southern states, burst onto the national consciousness following the Great Migration, the relocation of millions of African Americans from their roots in the Southern states to the industrial centers of the North after World War I. This took place particularly in cities such as Boston, Chicago and New York (Harlem). In northern cities, racial tensions exploded most violently in Chicago. The 1950s and 1960s saw the peaking of the American Civil Rights Movement with the desegregation of schools in 1954 and the organizing of widespread protests across the nation under a younger generation of leaders. Martin Luther King was a catalyst for many nonviolent protests in the 1960s, which led to the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The act prohibited discrimination in public facilities, in government and in employment and invalidating the Jim Crow laws (which mandated segregation in all public facilities, with a â€Å"separate but equal† status for black Americans and other non-white racial groups) in the southern United States. It became illegal to force segregation of the races in schools, housing or  hiring. This signified a change in the social acceptance of racism that had been written into American law and an increase in the number of opportunities available for people of color in the United States. However, African American poverty and education inequalities continue and have deepened in the post-industrial era.

Daubert V. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals

Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals Brandon Pond New England Institute of Technology Case Studies in Criminal Forensics CJ 372. 57 Professor Michael Pezzullo October 24, 2012 Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals The 1993 Supreme Court case of Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, like many high-profile court cases, set a precedent for future court causes of a similar background. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals was a pharmaceutical company based out of Kansas City, Missouri which was founded in 1950.Originally named â€Å"Marion Laboratories† after its founder Ewing Marion Kauffman, Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals specifically developed pharmaceuticals that had yet to be marketed by other pharmaceutical companies after being discovered and researched. As a result, Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals are credited for producing several high-quality and extremely popular drugs even in modern day, including the Nicorette anti-smoking gum and Cepacol mouthwash.However, in an attempt to recei ve credit for popular and effective pharmaceutical production over other companies, Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals earned a reputation of producing drugs without sufficient research of potential side-effects. As a result, Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals were I involved in an extremely high-profile U. S. Supreme Court case, titled â€Å"Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals. This 1993 court case put pressure on the pharmaceutical company to close their doors and sell the company just three years later in 1996. Jason Daubert and Eric Schuller were both born in San Diego, California with visible physical defects.At birth, Daubert was missing three fingers on his right hand and was missing a bone in the lower part of his right arm. Schuller was born without a left hand and a leg which was shorter than the other. In 1993, Daubert and Schuller, along with their parents, elected to sue Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, the manufacturer of the drug Bendectin, an anti-nausea medication both the boysâ €™ mothers were prescribed and consumed during their pregnancies. Bendectin had been already removed from the market in 1983 after numerous claims that the medication ad caused birth defects in children. Despite the claims that the drug had caused birth defects in a number of children, scientific research behind Bendectin showed no evidence that the drug is question produced birth defects in fetuses. The case was taken to a California state court, where it was ultimately moved to a Federal Court following a successful motion of diversity, ultimately meaning if a party in a case is established in a state differing from the state where the trial is being heard, the trial can be upgraded to a federal court.At the federal court trial, Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals presented an expert witness, Dr. Lamm, who provided his opinion tht Bendectin has no proven components that are consistent with causing birth defects in humans. Following the expert witness presentation, Merrell Dow Pharmace uticals filed a motion for summary judgment, stating that following their presentation of a certified expert witness that stated Bendectin does not have components which produce birth defects, there was no longer a necessity for continuation of the trial.Schuller and Daubert, however, submitted a total of eight expert witnesses of their own possessing various accreditation and credentials, stating that Bendectin indeed had the potential of causing birth defects in humans. The eight expert witnesses expressed their opinions based upon a scientific study regarding in-vitro and in-vivo techniques during animal studies. During the time in which the case was heard in 1993, in-vitro and in-vivo animal testing was not recognized as a legitimate methodology that had not yet been established as common practice within the scientific community.As a result, the expert witnesses presented by Schuller and Daubert were deemed inadmissible in court, and Merrell Dow Pharmaceutical’s motion fo r summary judgment was approved at the district court level. Daubert then appealed their case to the appellate court at the 9th circuit court of appeals, re-introducing their expert witnesses’ opinion that Bendectin indeed can cause birth defects, backing their opinions with in-vitro and in-vivo research. The 9th circuit court determined that the district court had correctly approved Merrell Dow Pharmaceutical’s motion for summary judgement, using the 1923 U. S.Supreme Court Case Frye v. United States as their basis for their decision. Frye v. Unites States dealt with the inadmissibility of a blood-pressure lie-detection method into court proceedings because it had not yet become â€Å"generally accepted† as a reliable scientific practice. In addition, the 9th circuit stated that it was the court’s opinion that the evidence in which Daubert and Schuller were presenting was designated for litigation, and without their presentation of expert witnesses, Daub ert and Schuller had no sufficient evidence to prove that the Bendectin drug indeed can cause birth defects in humans.The 9th circuit court upheld the U. S. district court’s decision, but filed a motion of certiorari to the U. S. Supreme Court, anticipating the higher court to review their decision on the case, a motion the U. S. Supreme Court ultimately agreed to hear. At the U. S. Supreme Court, the court determined that â€Å"general acceptance† is not a justified precondition of the admission of scientific evidence into court. According to the Federal Rules of Evidence, there is no requirement that specifically stated that scientific evidence has to have a â€Å"general acceptance† in order to be admissible into court.In particular, Rule 702 of the Federal Rules of Evidence states that the judge during the trial has the discretion to determine whether or not an expert witnesses’ testimony is based upon a â€Å"reliable foundation† and is  "relevant to the task at hand†. The Supreme Court also determined that any evidence with â€Å"scientifically valid principles† will be sufficient to fulfill the two aforementioned requirements. Ultimately, the U. S. Supreme Court overturned the decision of the 9th circuit court of appeals, and eliminated Frye v.United States from judicial review practices during determination of evidence admissibility. After having the case reintroduced into the lower court, the lower court again sided with Merrell Row Pharmaceuticals, determining that there was no sufficient evidence that the use of in-vitro and in-vivo research methods fulfilled the task-relevancy and reliable foundation requirements. Despite the ruling, the Rule 702 of the Federal Rules of Evidence, currently known as the Daubert Test, has fully replaced the Frye Test in all evidence admissibility review cases.Overall, the Daubert v. Merrell Row Pharmaceuticals case has played an overwhelmingly significant role in m odern day Criminal Justice and the way court proceedings are carried out. This case is responsible for single-handedly changing the landscape in which evidence is analyzed for admissibility. Prior to this case, evidence admissibility was based around a U. S. Supreme Court case that was decided way back in 1923, 70 years prior to the Daubert case. The Frye Test had simply lost its base in modern day Criminal Justice, and the Daubert Test rovides justices within a court setting to have the overall determination of whether evidence fulfills two simple requirements. As more and more cases are presented into criminal courts, and more technological advances are produced, statutes, laws, and precedents need to change to accommodate for the new technology. In this instance, the Frye Test surrounded a blood-pressure style lie-detection test, technology that was so advanced and profound that it hadn’t even been considered an accepted scientific practice.In modern day, there are even mo re advanced forms of lie-detection software that individuals involved in the Frye v. United States case could not even imagine. There is no question that there needs to be some sort of decisive test to determine what types of evidence should be admitted into court proceedings, and what types of evidence should be excluded. Not all evidence can be included, because there would be no way of determining the credibility of the evidence being introduced into court.It would simply not be fair to a defendant at trial to be incriminated using evidence that isn’t proven to be sufficient, and would not otherwise pass some sort of evidence admissibility test. By using the Daubdert admissibility test, however, it provides judges leading a trial proceeding to have the overall determination of whether or not evidence fulfills the Daubert Test. The Daubert Test states that evidence must both have â€Å"scientifically valid principles† and must be â€Å"relevant to the task at handâ € .This may sound like a productive test for all evidence. I agree that the Daubert Test is indeed a good test, though only to some degree. One of the justices that heard the Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals case at the U. S. Supreme Court level admitted that while he understood his ability to have the overall determination of all evidence admissibility in the case, the magnitude of scientific advancements involved in the case was certainly out of his expertise, as well as the other justices within the U. S. Supreme Court.I do not feel it is right to put evidence admissibility into the hands of justices whom have a expertise in legal practices and the judicial system, rather than bimolecular engineering, pharmaceuticals, or any other scientific field. However, with that said, I do feel that the Daubert Test is certainly a step in the right direction. I firmly believe that the Daubert Test will uphold until another case similar to the Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals c ase will force new improvements into the standards of evidence admissibility. Works Cited Angier, Natalie. Two Pre-decision Articles on the Daubert Case (rules forscientific evidence). † Free Legal Information & Forms | The ‘Lectric Law Library. The New York Times, 2 Jan. 1993. Web. 24 Oct. 2012. ;http://www. lectlaw. com/files/lit03. htm;. Annas, George. â€Å"Legal Issues in Medicine. † Scientific Evidence in the Courtroom — The Death of the Frye Rule. Version 330. Georgetown University, 7 Apr. 1994. Web. 24 Oct. 2012. . BRODY, JANE E.. â€Å"SHADOW OF DOUBT WIPES OUT BENDECTIN – NYTimes. com. The New York Times – Breaking News, World News & Multimedia. The New York Times, 19 June 1983. Web. 24 Oct. 2012. . â€Å"Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, 509 U. S. 579 (1993).. † LII | LII / Legal Information Institute. N. p. , n. d. Web. 24 Oct. 2012. . Mahle, Stephen. â€Å"An Introduction to Daubert v. Merrell Dow. † DaubertEx pert. com. N. p. , n. d. Web. 24 Oct. 2012. .

Artificial Intelligence for the Eldery

Artificial Intelligence for the elderly How AAA is being created to aid the elderly September 16, 2013 Christine ruff INFANT, Instructor: Sherry Soothers Artificial Intelligence can help keep our elderly out of our 16,000 overcrowded and under staffed nursing homes. In this paper I will discuss how AAA is being created to aid in the care of our elderly. I will also provide some amazing, staggering statistics and on how Artificial Intelligence is now and will provide this care in the very near future. Artificial Intelligence the theory and the development of computer systems able o perform tasks that are normally require human intelligence, such as visual perception. Speech recognition, decision making, and translation between languages. John McCarthy created the term Artificial Intelligence in 1956 and was a well- regarded professor of emeritus computer science at Stanford University for a large part of his professional career. Not only did he coin the term, but he continued to explain the field for more than 50 years. In a conference at Dartmouth he wrote the study is to proceed on the basis of the conjuncture that every aspect of learning or NY other feature of intelligence can in principle be so precisely described that a machine can be made to simulate it. This was a huge milestone for computer science. In 1958 he invented the computer language known as LISP which is still used today. JOHN McCarthy was even working on exploring interstellar travel in the asss up until close to his death on 2011. There are so many ways AAA can be useful in healthcare, such as Melanoma Impenetrably-using insisting which was able to identify 7 targets that could be used in the development of new therapies for cancer patients. Nanotechnology is also being created to include early detection of a number of diseases, environmental contaminants and even biological and chemical weapons. Due to the diverse use of these applications Nanoseconds are expected to impact many sectors including but not limited to Healthcare and Pharmaceuticals. Another way AAA is making changes in our Healthcare is with Robots. Robots will be, in the near future a huge part of our Healthcare. Later I will explain the impact Artificial Intelligence and Robotics will have on our elderly. Robotic Surgery is a type of surgery that gives the surgeon the ability to perform a growing number of complex procedures using AAA computer like the Deviance S I This system allows surgeons to operate more adjectively and efficiently. This robot has two parts that are connected . The 1st part (the Tower) is place above the patient during surgery and with 3 of its 4 arms ,can hold a number of different surgical instruments and the 4th arm holds a ad-high -defy. Amerada. The console (the 2nd part) is where the surgeons sits and operates the arms while looking through a stereoscopic monitor which provide a ad view of the surgical site. Using biotic surgery allows the patients a faster recovery with less pain and minimal blood loss during surgery. Today in Europe there are trials with a robot called Hector which is part of the C ompanionable project run by a Professor ATT Baddie of the University of Reading in the I-J. This project integrates mobile assisted robot (hector) with a smart home e to better support elderly living at home. This err project is in its final stages in Holland and Belgium with elderly people. We hope Hector will help people stay independent for longer, receive care in their own homes and avoid unplanned capital admission(Professor ATT Baddie @ the university of Reading in the KICK). Len June of 2012 the final trials and demo for Hector, the Companionable Robot, where taking place. Hector is one way AAA can assist the elderly. Some of the care support Hector provides are memoir service, for an example . Reminders for taking medication on time, fall detection capabilities. Hector can help with falls by helping the remote control center asses how serious the fall is and what kind of emergency help is needed. This AAA robot offers solutions to suit various home setting to support assisted independent living. Artificial Intelligence will allow our elderly to stay in their homes longer instead of giving up everything they own to live in an over-crowded and under staffed nursing home that cost too much only to end up with additional costly medical conditions (such as bedsores, dehydration, falls and abuse),which can be avoided with the proper care and attention. The need for AAA in elderly care; As Americans get older and live longer so does the need for better more efficient Healthcare. According to the US Department of Health and Human Services, over 13. % of the population is an older American (65+) and about 29% (1 1. Million) of the institutionalized older persons live alone. By the year 2030 there will be approve 72,1 million, that is 2 times their number in the year 2000. This brings the possibility of accidental falls up, and the chance of being place in a nursing home up as well. In 2007 there where a estimated . 4 million elderly living in nursing homes , 90% of which were too understaffed and over-crowded to provide adequate care. With all the early Baby boomers reaching the age of 58 to 67, there will be a demand or quality Healthcare and nursing homes shortly thereafter. An estimated 3. 3 million Americans will live in the nations 16,000 nursing homes during 2013. Which meaner 1 and 7 people ages 65 and up and more than 1 and 5 of those 85+ and older ,http:// healthiness. Ms. Mom/diseases/careening/us-news-best-nursing-homes-2013 This is a staggering number of people entering nursing homes which will bring the need for more nursing start. In April tot 2 3 the US DISH released a report, The US Nursing Workforce: Trends in Supply and Education that states that in forgot every 100,000 people there were only 920. Runs and for every 100. 000 people there were only 225. 0 Lips. These are Just a few of the statistics. Which brings me back to the reason we should employ Artificial Intelligence in our elderly homes to ensure a better quality of life. Hector the robot companion along with a smart home environment, elderly patients would have help in their homes which would relieve some of the help needed by family and nursing staff. Having AAA robots along with the smart home would prevent, over medication, give medications reminders, and give around the clock companionship and prevision . AI robots would also provide memory training, motivation suggestions and fall detection along with support. Ai would also help to keep our 16,000 nursing homes from continuously becoming over-crowded and understaffed. Artificial Intelligence would also help to lower the risk of abuse and neglect, because the elderly would be able to stay in their homes therefore the threat of abuse and neglect is no longer an issue. Neglect and abuse is caused by these facilities becoming desperate to fill the needed positions that some have overlooked criminal cords and under qualified applicants. Low pay and high turnover rate also makes it hard to properly train staff in the proper procedures needed to prevent bed sores, dehydration, over medicating and not giving the patient his or her medication at all. These all can be averted by implementing Artificial Intelligence such as HECTOR. PROS and CONS; Nursing homes, The biggest pro to having nurses is the personal care is they provide, which is vital to anyones recovery. A Nurse would be able to react to an emergency more quickly that a robot because of the physical training like CPRM. And finally employment of nurses will help keep the personal touch and our economy will also benefit with less unemployment. The cons to having nurses would have to be the inability to remain with the patient at all times, which can open the doors to falls, bed sores and other preventable deaths.

Human Experiments - Inform consent Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Human Experiments - Inform consent - Essay Example Medical research is usually carried out on animals, however, many researchers and practitioners do not find these methods of experimentation as accurate and as reliable as research conducted on humans. Hence, human experimentation is becoming a very popular mode of medical research for many practitioners and researchers. Human experimentation was first used in the nineteenth century where there was an increased demand for human experimentation in the areas of bacteriology, immunology and physiology. These researches were usually done without the knowledge and consent of the patients. When injury resulted for some of the patient-subjects, the public and the medical community was outraged. Questions were subsequently raised abut the suitability of these experiments. The first restrictions on human experimentation were issued by the Prussian minister for religious, educational, and medical affairs. These regulations became imperative because of the actions of Albert Neisser—professor of dermatology and venerealogy at the University of Breslau. In order to establish preventive means for syphilis, he injected prostitutes who were admitted to the hospital (for different medical reasons) with cell free serum from patients with syphilis. These prostitutes were not informed about the experiment that w ould be undertaken on them. When the patients were infected with syphilis, Neisser concluded that the vaccination and treatment he administered did not work. He was later fined and reprimanded by the Royal Disciplinary Court for his unethical actions. The court said that although his tests may have been harmless to the patients, he should have sought their consent before administering the serum to them. As a result of the Neisser case, a directive was issued to all hospitals and clinics advising that all medical interventions which were not related to diagnosis, healing and immunization should not be performed on minors and on

The most significant events in the decades following World War II Essay

The most significant events in the decades following World War II - Essay Example On one hand, the United States tried desperately hard not to let communism spread across the borders. On the other hand, the Soviet Union, having risen to the position military ascendancy, wanted to make sure it had a hold over other countries’ foreign, military and defense strategies. Additionally, the threat of a nuclear warfare became imminent with the respective centralizations of power in two regions that were geographically far apart. Europe became a focal point of contention for both the nations as neither of them was ready to forsake the advantages gained during the Great War. The Soviet Union assumed control of Eastern Europe courtesy of German’s defeat. The United States had political ambitions far greater than any other western countries in that it wanted to extend its military laterality to far and wide. Under these circumstances, developments on the political upfront following World War II were closely interlinked with one another. One event somehow heralde d and legitimized its succeeding chain of events. Moreover, each major event was conditioned by the situation leading up to it. This essay is going to elaborate on the major political events that took place in the next five decades following World War II. The events to be discussed are the rise of consumerism in the 1950s, the Vietnam War in the 1960s, Iranian revolution in the 1970s, the fall of Berlin Wall in the 1980s and global terrorism in the 1990s. Differences of opinion between the Soviet Union and the United States had existed for a long time, much before the Great War broke out in 1939. The great economic depression in the 1930s following the labor movements in Canada had already had a detrimental effect on American political idealism. An overwhelming sense of disillusionment and despair hovered upon the general psyche in the country. However, this difference of opinion did not surface much as both the nations formed allies to defeat the Axis forces. But once the War was

Relationship between science and Bible Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Relationship between science and Bible - Essay Example This idea is neither a biblical nor logical inference (Yasri & Mancy 2). The Bible even states it clearly that the earth is by the heavens and not the other way round (Jaki 224). The paper discusses the relationship that exists between the Bible and science. Zigerell (314) explains that the early proponents such as Galileo Galilei, Johannes Kepler and Nicholas Copernicus were all Christians. The famous scientist Isaac Newton stated that the most beautiful system of the planets, comets and sun could proceed only from the dominion and counsel on a powerful and intelligent being (Zigerell 315). Therefore, the Bible and science are closely related. Scientists agree with the physical world described in the Bible. Zigerell (315) asserts that some of the scientific principles described in the Bible in the thousands years ago are (El-Hani & Claudia 103). The Bible and science relate in various ways as discussed below. The bible addresses statements consistent with the astronomy (Zigerell 315 ). The Bible refers frequently to the great number of stars that are in heaven. The book of Genesis talks of the stars (Schroeder 178). In chapter twenty-two, verse seventeen of Genesis book states how God was to bless Abraham. God will bless Abraham abundantly, and he will multiply the descendants of Abraham as the heavenly stars and as the sand that are on the seashore (Zigerell 315). The descendants of Abraham will be able to possess the gates of their enemies. The book of Jeremiah also addresses the issue of stars (Zigerell 316). Chapter thirty three of the book of Jeremiah explains how God was to bless the descendants of His servant David and the Levites who were ministering to him. â€Å"As the host of the heavens cannot be numbered, nor the sand of the sea be measured, so I will multiply the descendants of David My servant and the Levites who minister to me† (Jer. 33:1). The number of stars that are in heaven is not in the two books, but they are to be many (Yasri & Ma ncy 3). Scientists even today admit that they are not aware of the number of stars in the heaven (Yasri & Mancy 3). With the naked eyes, the scientists are only able to account for 3,000 stars. Scientists have estimated the number of stars and seashore sand grains of the earth to be great numbers, but they don’t give the exact values of each (Jaki 225). The Bible states that the stars are unique (Zigerell 316). The book of I Corinthians 15:41 express the uniqueness of each star. The book states that, â€Å"there is one glory of the sun, another glory of the moon and another glory of the stars; for one star differs from another star in glory† (Jaki 226). Scientists explain that all stars look the same when observed with the naked eyes (El-Hani & Claudia 104). The stars seem to be just light points when seen from a telescope. When the light spectra of stars are, it reveals that each star is unique and is different from the others (Yasri & Mancy 3). The movement precision in the universe has in the Bible (Zigerell 317). The book of Jeremiah 31:35-36 describes the movement precision in the universe. Scientists have also explained the movements that occur within the universe (Yasri & Mancy 4). The Bible also describes how the earth is in the space (Zigerell 317).